Healing of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis by Non-Thermal Plasma: Pilot Study.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common disease in the oral cavity characterized by recurrent ulcers (RU). Usually, these cause acute pain without definitive treatment. The present study determines the efficacy of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for treating RU. NTP is applied to the patient's RU using a radiofrequency generator connected to a point reactor. The power density applied to the ulcer is 0.50 W/cm2, less than 4 W/cm2, which is the maximum value without biological risk. Each patient received two treatments of three minutes each and spaced 60 min apart at a distance of 5 mm from the RU. From a sample of 30 ulcers in patients treated for RU with an average age of 37 years, they stated that the pain decreased considerably and without the need for ingestion of analgesics and antibiotics. Regeneration took place in an average of three days. The NTP proved to be an excellent therapeutic alternative for the treatment of RU since it has a rapid effect of reducing pain and inflammation, as well as adequate tissue regeneration.

Enhancement of fluoride release in glass ionomer cements modified with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND: Several efforts have been made to improve the glass ionomer cements (GICs) properties with nanotechnology. Fluoride release in once of most beneficial properties of GICs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release, recharge, and cytotoxicity in GICs reinforced with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2N). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the fluoride release, recharge, and cytotoxicity in GICs reinforced with TiO2N. METHODS: Four GICs, FUJI IX EXTRA (G1c), KETAC MOLAR (G2c), IONOFILL MOLAR (G3c), and FUJI IX (G4c) were combined with TiO2N (G1e, G2e, G3e, and G4e) and divided into blocks of 5-mm width and 1-mm thickness 10 each. A total of 80 samples were arranged as follows: GICs alone as negative control (n = 40) and GICs + TiO2N as experimental groups (n = 40). The fluoride release was determined for periods of 1, 2, 6, 10, 31, 90, 180, 240, and 300 days. On days 30 and 179, samples were recharged by submerging in 1 mL of 20,000 ppm sodium fluoride gel. Cytotoxic activity was carried out with gingival fibroblasts, using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assay. RESULTS: The experimental groups obtained the highest and more constant fluoride released when compared to control groups. After the first recharge, experimental groups (G1e, G3e, and G4e) showed statistically significant results (P = .001, 0.010, and 0.001 respectively) enhancing their recharge ability regarding control groups. The second recharge showed better results in G1e concerning the rest of the groups. No cytotoxic activity was observed in all experimental groups, although significant differences were observed in G3e and G4e regarding control group. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of TiO2N enhance the fluoride release in glass ionomers with a noncytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts.

Mechanical Properties and Antibacterial Effect on Mono-Strain of Streptococcus mutans of Orthodontic Cements Reinforced with Chlorhexidine-Modified Nanotubes.

Recently, several studies have introduced nanotechnology into the area of dental materials with the aim of improving their properties. The objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial and mechanical properties of type I glass ionomers reinforced with halloysite nanotubes modified with 2% chlorhexidine at concentrations of 5% and 10% relative to the total weight of the powder used to construct each sample. Regarding antibacterial effect, 200 samples were established and distributed into four experimental groups and six control groups (4 +ve and 2 -ve), with 20 samples each. The mechanical properties were evaluated in 270 samples, assessing microhardness (30 samples), compressive strength (120 samples), and setting time (120 samples). The groups were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the antibacterial activity of the ionomers was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans for 24 h. The control and positive control groups showed no antibacterial effect, while the experimental group with 5% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 11.35 mm and 11.45 mm, and the group with 10% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 12.50 mm and 13.20 mm. Statistical differences were observed between the experimental groups with 5% and 10% nanotubes. Regarding the mechanical properties, microhardness, and setting time, no statistical difference was found when compared with control groups, while compressive strength showed higher significant values, with ionomers modified with 10% concentration of nanotubes resulting in better compressive strength values. The incorporation of nanotubes at concentrations of 5% and 10% effectively inhibited the presence of S. mutans, particularly when the dose-response relationship was taken into account, with the advantage of maintaining and improving their mechanical properties.

Antimicrobial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum against the Five Most Common Microorganisms in the Oral Cavity.

Syzygium aromaticum (clove) has been used as a dental analgesic, an anesthetic, and a bioreducing and capping agent in the formation of metallic nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect in oral microorganisms of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed with aqueous extract of clove through an ecofriendly method "green synthesis". The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and ζ potential, while its antimicrobial effect was corroborated against oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, as well as yeast that is commonly present in the oral cavity. The AgNPs showed absorption at 400-500 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, had an average size of 4-16 nm as observed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and were of a crystalline nature and quasi-spherical form. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed inhibition zones of 2-4 mm in diameter. Our results suggest that AgNPs synthesized with clove can be used as effective growth inhibitors in several oral microorganisms.

Mesiodens en dentición temporal y mixta: informe de casos / Mesiodens in primary and mixed dentition: case reports

Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos clínicos de me- siodens en niños con dentición temporal y mixta, su trata- miento y seguimiento. Casos clínicos: Se muestra el manejo clínico de tres casos de mesiodens en dentición temporal y un caso en den- tición mixta, los cuales fueron diagnosticados en un examen radiográfico de rutina (AU)

Aim: To present a series of clinical cases of mesiodens in children with primary and mixed dentition, their treatment and follow-up. Clinical cases: This paper describes the clinical man- agement of three cases of mesiodens in primary dentition and one case in mixed dentition which were diagnosed in routine radiographic examinations (AU)

Spongiotic hyperplasia of the oral mucosa: case series and immunohistochemical analysis.

The localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia (LJSGH) mainly affects the maxillary vestibular attached gingiva of juvenile patients, without sex predilection. Similar lesions involving extragingival sites have not been reported to date. Here, we report 2 cases of extragingival soft tissue lesions with similar clinicopathological features to those reported in LJSGH and 12 cases of intraoral reactive soft tissue lesions microscopically showing LJSGH-like focal areas. The 2 cases were adult patients, affecting the maxillary alveolar ridge (55-year-old female) and hard palate (78-year-old male), which were diagnosed as "spongiotic hyperplasia of the oral mucosa." The 12 intraoral reactive soft tissue lesions (6 men and 6 women; mean age, 49.5 years) were diagnosed as inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (n = 6), peripheral ossifying fibroma (n = 3), and pyogenic granuloma (n = 3), each of them presenting LJSGH-like focal areas. By immunohistochemistry, the spongiotic hyperplasia areas showed positivity for CK19, CK14, CK34ßE12, and CAM5.2 (weak/focal), while CK4 was negative. Considering the anatomical locations (extragingival) of these 2 cases, the term "spongiotic hyperplasia of the oral mucosa" is suggested. Moreover, LJSGH-like focal areas can be detected when microscopically assessing common intraoral reactive soft tissue lesions.

Effect of Human Development Index and other socioeconomic factors on mortality-to-incidence ratio of lips and oral cavity cancer in Mexican states: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and covariates on the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) of lips and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) in Mexico. DESIGN: Ecological study. SETTING: Data from 32 Mexican states for year 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Data set of male and female populations from Mexico. EXPOSURES: Socioeconomic conditions based on HDI and covariates related to healthcare system capacity (total health spending per capita, school dropout and ratio of medical personnel in direct contact with patients). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: MIR of LOCC by state and sex was calculated from the Global Burden of Disease Study website for year 2019. Data for calculating HDI 2019 by state and covariates were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. A multiple regression model was constructed to measure the effects of HDI and covariates on LOCC-MIR. RESULTS: Among the states with the highest HDI (>0.780), Colima had the highest aged-standardised rates per 100.000 in men for incidence (5.026) and mortality (3.118). The greatest burden of the disease was found on men, with the highest Men:Women MIR in Colima (3.10) and Baja California Sur (2.73). The highest MIR (>0.65) was found among the states with the lowest HDI (Oaxaca and Chiapas). For each unit of increase of the HDI there was a decrease in the LOCC- MIR of -0.778, controlling for the covariates. The most suitable regression model explained the 57% (F (p): 0.000) of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: Men were most affected by LOCC in Mexican states. The highest MIRs of LOCC were found in the states with the highest HDI. But a worse prognosis of the disease, expressed as a higher MIR, is expected in contexts with lower HDI in the country, even with lower MIRs.

Evaluation of the release of nickel and titanium under orthodontic treatment.

The metal alloys used in dentistry are made mainly of nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), and other elements such as molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), chrome (Cr), carbon (C), copper (Cu) and niobium (Nb) which can release metal ions in unstable environments. The aim of this work was determine the salivary pH before and during orthodontic treatment; evaluate the release of metal ions, mainly Ni and Ti, in urine and saliva using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES); and evaluate the corrosion using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). In this study, we selected 35 individuals under orthodontic treatment, from whom saliva and urine samples were collected in 3 stages: (a) basal, (b) at 3 and (c) 6 months after the placement of the fixed appliances. SEM analyzed the Ni-Ti (0.016″) and stainless steel (SS) (0.016 × 0.022″) archs after 1 month of being in contact with the oral cavity. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata using the ANOVA model of repeated measures with a p < 0.05. A statistically significant difference in the concentration of Ni in saliva were found between 3 and 6 months of intervention and Ti in urine was found 3 and 6 months.

Erratum to "Relationship between the Human Development Index and its Components with Oral Cancer in Latin America" [J Epidemiol Global Health 9(4), 2019, 223-232].

DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191105.001.

Relationship between the Human Development Index and its Components with Oral Cancer in Latin America.

To evaluate the relationship between the Human Development Index (HDI) and its components with oral cancer (OC) in Latin America. Ecological study in 20 Latin American countries in 2010 and 2017, which evaluated the relationship between the Age-Standardized Rates (ASRs) of incidence and mortality from oral cancer and the following indicators: HDI, with its components (income, education, and health indexes); and the Gini and Theil-L indexes. Among the countries with the highest HDI, men from Brazil and Cuba had the highest incidence and mortality ASRs per 100,000 inhabitants (ASR incidence >7.5 and mortality >4.5). Among those with the lowest HDI, Haiti was the most affected country (ASR incidence >4.1 and mortality >3.0). The highest male:female ratio was in Paraguay in both years (incidence >3.5 and mortality >4.0). Mortality from oral cancer is negatively related to the global HDI in both years, with regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) being -5.78 (-11.77, 0.20) in 2010 and -5.97 (-11.38, -0.56) in 2017; and separate (independent) from the income [-4.57 (-9.92, 0.77) in 2010 and -4.84 (-9.52, -0.17) in 2017] and health indexes [-5.81 (-11.10, -0.52) and -6.52 (-11.32, -1.72) in 2017] (p < 0.05) in the countries with lower HDI. Oral cancer incidence and mortality rates vary both among and within Latin American countries according to sex, with a greater burden on men. The HDI is negatively related to mortality from oral cancer in the countries of medium and low HDI.

[Effect of risk factor control policies on oral cancer mortality in Latin America]. / Efecto de las políticas de control de factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral en América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: Mortality from oral cancer, the prevalence of the main risk factors and the implementation of policies to control current trends and the distribution of data among the countries of Latin America. The objective of this study was to describe the trends of mortality from oral cancer between 2000 and 2017, by sex, in 20 countries in Latin America, and to know the effect of measures to control tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption on the Mortality from oral cancer. METHODS: Ecological study that evaluates the relationship between the rates standardized by the age of cancer by oral sex, the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption, and the implementation of control policies. To calculate the annual percentage change of the rates, the Prais-Winsten regression was used; and the effect of measures of control of risk factors on oral cancer mortality is assessed by Spearman correlations. RESULTS: The greatest decreases in oral cancer mortality were in men in Brazil (APC -7.83, -14.25,-0.93). Mortality from cancer the oral relationship between men and the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption (r = 0.358, r 0.537) (p <0.01), and between the non-implementation of control policies of smoking (r = 0.738) (p= 0.003), the restrictions on the hours and days of sale of alcohol (r = 0.777, p = 0.001), and the states on sponsorship and promotion of alcohol sales (r =0.739 , p =0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the implementation of control policies is evidenced by a greater relationship with oral cancer mortality in the countries with the least progress in their execution.

OBJETIVO: La mortalidad por cáncer oral, la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo y la implementación de las políticas para su control presentan tendencias y distribución desiguales entre los países de América Latina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral entre 2000 y 2017, según sexos, en 20 países de América Latina, y conocer el efecto de las medidas de control del consumo de tabaco y el consumo de alcohol sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral. METODOS: Estudio ecólogico que evaluó la relación entre las tasas estandarizadas por edad del fallecimiento por cáncer oral según el sexo, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol,y la implementación de las políticas de control. Para calcular la variación porcentual de cambio anual de las tasas, se usó la regresión Prais-Winsten; y el efecto de las medidas de control de los factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral se evalúo mediante correlaciones de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Los mayores descensos en la mortalidad por cáncer oral fueron en los hombres de Brasil (APC -7,83; -14,25; -0,93). La mortalidad por cáncer oral mostró relación positiva entre hombres y la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol (r=0,358, r=0,537) (p<0,01), y entre la no implementación de las políticas de control de tabaquismo (r=0,738) (p=0,003), las restricciones en los horarios y días de venta de alcohol (r=0,737, p=0,001), y los reglamentos sobre patrocinio y promoción de venta de alcohol (r=0,739, p=0,040). CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de la implementación de las políticas de control se evidencia en una mayor relación con la mortalidad por cáncer oral en los países con menor avance en su ejecución.

Efecto de las políticas de control de factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral en América Latina / Effect of risk factor control policies on oral cancer mortality in Latin America

OBJETIVO: La mortalidad por cáncer oral, la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo y la implementación de las políticas para su control presentan tendencias y distribución desiguales entre los países de América Latina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral entre 2000 y 2017, según sexos, en 20 países de América Latina, y conocer el efecto de las medidas de control del consumo de tabaco y el consumo de alcohol sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecólogico que evaluó la relación entre las tasas estandarizadas por edad del fallecimiento por cáncer oral según el sexo, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol,y la implementación de las políticas de control. Para calcular la variación porcentual de cambio anual de las tasas, se usó la regresión Prais-Winsten; y el efecto de las medidas de control de los factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral se evalúo mediante correlaciones de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Los mayores descensos en la mortalidad por cáncer oral fueron en los hombres de Brasil (APC -7,83; -14,25; -0,93). La mortalidad por cáncer oral mostró relación positiva entre hombres y la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol (r=0,358, r=0,537) (p<0,01), y entre la no implementación de las políticas de control de tabaquismo (r=0,738) (p=0,003), las restricciones en los horarios y días de venta de alcohol (r=0,737, p=0,001), y los reglamentos sobre patrocinio y promoción de venta de alcohol (r=0,739, p=0,040). CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de la implementación de las políticas de control se evidencia en una mayor relación con la mortalidad por cáncer oral en los países con menor avance en su ejecución

OBJECTIVE: Mortality from oral cancer, the prevalence of the main risk factors and the implementation of policies to control current trends and the distribution of data among the countries of Latin America. The objective of this study was to describe the trends of mortality from oral cancer between 2000 and 2017, by sex, in 20 countries in Latin America, and to know the effect of measures to control tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption on the Mortality from oral cancer. METHODS: Ecological study that evaluates the relationship between the rates standardized by the age of cancer by oral sex, the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption, and the implementation of control policies. To calculate the annual percentage change of the rates, the Prais-Winsten regression was used; and the effect of measures of control of risk factors on oral cancer mortality is assessed by Spearman correlations. RESULTS: The greatest decreases in oral cancer mortality were in men in Brazil (APC -7.83, -14.25,-0.93). Mortality from cancer the oral relationship between men and the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption (r = 0.358, r 0.537) (p <0.01), and between the non-implementation of control policies of smoking (r = 0.738) (p= 0.003), the restrictions on the hours and days of sale of alcohol (r = 0.777, p = 0.001), and the states on sponsorship and promotion of alcohol sales (r =0.739 , p =0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the implementation of control policies is evidenced by a greater relationship with oral cancer mortality in the countries with the least progress in their execution

Primary oral melanoma: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 22 cases of Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of 22 cases of primary oral melanomas (OM). STUDY DESIGN: Twenty two cases of primary oral melanoma were analyzed by description of their histopathological features and immunohistochemical study using the antibodies S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A and Ki-67. RESULTS: The mean age was 58 years and 14 cases were female. The main affected sites were the hard palate, followed by the upper gingiva. Microscopically, 15 cases presented level III of invasion, 2 cases were amelanotic and 13 showed a mixed epithelioid and plasmacytoid or spindle cells composition. Some cases showed necrosis, perivascular and perineural invasion. S-100 and HMB-45 were positive in all cases, but 3 cases were negative for Melan-A. The proliferative index with Ki-67 was high, with labeling index ranging from 15.51% to 63% of positive cells. CONCLUSION: S-100 and HMB-45 are more frequently expressed than Melan-A in primary oral melanomas and these markers are helpful to confirm the diagnosis.